历史学家铭记吉米·卡特总统援助阿富汗叛军的努力
📖 逐句对照翻译
Many historians say U.S. President Ronald Reagan helped defeat the former Soviet Union and end the Cold War.
许多历史学家认为，美国总统罗纳德·里根助力击败了前苏联，终结了冷战。
Reagan’s efforts included giving support to rebel groups fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan in the 1980s.
里根的努力包括在20世纪80年代支持阿富汗反抗苏联的叛乱组织。
U.S. support for Afghan rebels began earlier under the administration of President Jimmy Carter.
美国对阿富汗叛军的支持早在吉米·卡特总统执政时期就开始了。
Carter ordered secret nonlethal aid to rebel groups six months before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
卡特在苏联入侵阿富汗六个月前下令向反叛组织提供秘密的非致命援助。
The Soviet Union invaded in December of 1979.
苏联于1979年12月入侵。
Carter worked on cooperation with the Soviet Union by seeking approval of the SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) agreement on nuclear weapons.
卡特致力于与苏联的合作，争取批准关于核武器的《第二阶段限制战略武器条约》。
At the same time, his policies and statements pushed against Soviet goals.
与此同时，他的政策和言论与苏联的目标相抵触。
David Gibbs is a history professor at the University of Arizona.
大卫·吉布斯是亚利桑那大学的历史学教授。
Gibbs said, “I think people’s image of Carter as a deeply religious man, a deeply moral man, is very much influenced by the activities he’s done after he left office. [But] he definitely…had a side that was very willing to use force, including nuclear weapons.”
吉布斯说：“我认为，人们将卡特视为一个虔诚的宗教信徒、一个道德高尚的人，这在很大程度上是受他卸任后所从事活动的影响。（但）他确实……有非常愿意使用武力的一面，包括核武器。”
US aid to rebels
美国对叛军的援助
A communist takeover in Afghanistan in April 1978 brought down the government of President Mohammad Daoud Khan.
1978年4月，阿富汗发生共产主义政变，推翻了穆罕默德·达乌德·汗总统的政府。
In the summer of 1979, Carter signed a secret order known as a “presidential finding” that permitted the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to give nonlethal aid to rebels.
1979年夏，卡特签署了一项被称为“总统令”的秘密命令，允许美国中央情报局向叛军提供非致命性援助。
The rebels were fighting Afghanistan’s Soviet-supported communist government.
反叛者正在与苏联支持的阿富汗共产主义政府作战。
Carter’s order stayed secret until the 1990s.
卡特的命令直到20世纪90年代才被公开。
It became known after several Carter administration officials, including former national security adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, communicated its existence.
在包括前国家安全顾问兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基在内的几位卡特政府官员透露其存在后，此事才为人所知。
The ‘Afghan Trap’
“阿富汗陷阱”
Some historians have called Carter’s plan to aid rebel groups the “Afghan Trap.”
一些历史学家将卡特援助反叛组织的计划称为“阿富汗陷阱”。
They said the trap aimed to force the Soviets into a long war similar to America’s fight in Vietnam during the 1960s and early 1970s.
他们说，这个陷阱旨在迫使苏联陷入一场长期战争，类似于美国在20世纪60年代和70年代初在越南的战争。
In 1998, Brzezinski denied to the French magazine Le Nouvel Observateur that the Carter administration had a plan to get the Soviets into a long war in Afghanistan.
1998年，布热津斯基向法国《新观察家》杂志否认了卡特政府有计划让苏联陷入阿富汗的长期战争。
However, he also called such a program “an excellent idea.”
不过，他也称这样的项目是“一个极好的主意”。
Other explanations of U.S. aid
对美国援助的其他解释
Conor Tobin is an historian at the University College Dublin in Ireland who has studied the Afghan Trap idea.
康纳·托宾是爱尔兰都柏林大学学院的历史学家，他研究过“阿富汗陷阱”这一概念。
He said most experts do not believe the aid was part of a plan to make the Soviets fight.
他说，大多数专家并不认为这些援助是让苏联人作战的计划的一部分。
Tobin said there is not enough evidence to support the Afghan Trap idea.
托宾表示，没有足够的证据支持“阿富汗陷阱”这一观点。
Tobin also said the Carter administration decided to first wait to see how the situation in Afghanistan would develop after the 1978 government overthrow.
托宾还表示，卡特政府决定先观望1978年政府被推翻后阿富汗局势将如何发展。
But that policy ended with the kidnapping and killing of U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs in February of the next year.
但这一政策随着次年二月美国大使阿道夫·达布斯遭绑架并遇害而告终。
Brzezinski then ordered a new plan for Afghanistan.
布热津斯基随后下令为阿富汗制定一项新计划。
Tobin said Brzezinski asked an administration official to consider the question: “Should we help any insurgents?”
托宾表示，布热津斯基曾要求一位政府官员考虑这样一个问题：“我们是否应该帮助任何叛乱分子？”
Tobin said U.S. government officials thought military aid to rebels would cause a strong Soviet reaction.
托宾表示，美国政府官员认为对叛军的军事援助会引起苏联的强烈反应。
This judgment led the Carter administration to give nonlethal aid instead.
这一判断促使卡特政府改为提供非致命性援助。
“The decision-making process demonstrated caution, rather than an effort to induce an invasion,” Tobin wrote.
托宾写道：“这一决策过程展现出的是谨慎，而非试图诱导入侵。”
Tobin wrote in an article, “The Myth of the ‘Afghan Trap,’” about the concerns of U.S. officials.
托宾在文章《“阿富汗陷阱”的神话》中写到了美国官员的担忧。
He said, instead of trying to push the Soviets into a fight, Brzezinski worried the Soviets would slowly expand their power in Afghanistan.
他说，布热津斯基担心的不是试图迫使苏联人开战，而是苏联会慢慢在阿富汗扩大其势力。
“The objectives in mid-1979 were essentially to do something, anything, to counter the Soviet advance in Afghanistan,” Tobin said.
托宾说：“1979年中期，目标基本上是要采取一些行动，任何行动，来遏制苏联在阿富汗的推进。”
The Carter Doctrine
卡特主义
In 1979, another development raised concerns in Washington.
1979年，另一项事态发展引起了华盛顿的担忧。
Even if Carter did not want armed conflict in Afghanistan, he took a strong position against Soviet efforts to control the Persian Gulf.
即使卡特不希望阿富汗发生武装冲突，他也对苏联控制波斯湾的企图采取了强硬立场。
That body of water lies between Saudi Arabia and Iran, two major oil producers.
这片水域位于沙特阿拉伯和伊朗这两个主要石油生产国之间。
During a speech to the U.S. Congress in 1980, Carter warned that the U.S. was prepared to use “any means necessary” to prevent a Soviet takeover of the Persian Gulf area.
1980年，卡特在对美国国会发表演讲时警告说，美国准备使用“一切必要手段”来阻止苏联对波斯湾地区的接管。
On December 28, 1979, the day after the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, Carter gave permission to supply weapons and training for the rebels.
1979年12月28日，即苏联入侵阿富汗的第二天，卡特批准为叛军提供武器和训练。
Carter lost the 1980 election to Reagan who mostly continued Carter’s Afghan policy for several years before greatly increasing the secret aid program.
卡特在1980年大选中败给了里根，里根在最初几年基本延续了卡特的阿富汗政策，之后才大幅增加了秘密援助计划。
The aid reached several hundred million dollars a year, and the Soviet military left Afghanistan in defeat in 1989.
援助金额达到每年数亿美元，苏联军队于1989年战败撤离阿富汗。
Jimmy Carter died at the age of 100 on December 29, 2024.
吉米·卡特于2024年12月29日去世，享年100岁。
I’m Andrew Smith.
我是安德鲁·史密斯。
And I’m Caty Weaver.
我是凯蒂·韦弗。
Masood Farivar wrote this story for VOA News.
马苏德·法里瓦尔为美国之音新闻撰写了这篇报道。
Andrew Smith adapted it for VOA Learning English.
安德鲁·史密斯为VOA英语学习频道改编了它。
