笔迹可能已识别出著名的拜占庭艺术家
📖 逐句对照翻译
Crime-solving methods might have provided an answer to an ancient mystery — the identity of a leading Byzantine painter.
破案方法或许已经解开了一个古老谜团——一位拜占庭主要画家的身份。
The artist Giotto who lived in Italy about 700 years ago is often considered the father of Western painting.
大约700年前生活在意大利的艺术家乔托常被视为西方绘画之父。
But at the same time that Giotto lived, Manuel Panselinos was equally important to a different tradition: the art of Byzantium.
但在乔托生活的同一时期，曼努埃尔·潘塞利诺斯对另一种传统同样重要：拜占庭艺术。
The art of Byzantium can be found in Eastern Orthodox churches across Greece, Serbia and other Orthodox countries.
拜占庭艺术可见于希腊、塞尔维亚及其他东正教国家的东正教教堂中。
Byzantium is an ancient name for the modern city of Istanbul.
拜占庭是现代城市伊斯坦布尔的古称。
Who was Panselinos?
潘塞利诺斯是谁？
Nothing is known of Panselinos’ life.
人们对潘塞利诺斯的生平一无所知。
Historians now believe Panselinos was a nickname.
历史学家现在认为潘塞利诺斯是一个绰号。
They now suspect his real name was likely Ioannis Astrapas.
他们现在怀疑他的真名很可能是约阿尼斯·阿斯特拉帕斯。
He was from the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki.
他来自希腊北部的塞萨洛尼基市。
Work said to be made by Panselinos, from the late 1200s and early 1300s, is considered the finest produced in the Byzantine empire.
被认为是潘塞利诺斯于13世纪末至14世纪初创作的作品，被视为拜占庭帝国最精美的产物。
That ancient empire covered parts of Europe and Asia.
那个古老的帝国曾横跨欧亚部分地区。
It lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire until the capture of the capital Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
它从罗马帝国的衰亡一直延续到1453年奥斯曼土耳其人攻占首都君士坦丁堡为止。
Art historians had long suspected that “Panselinos” could have been a nickname, or a pseudonym, for a member of the Macedonian School of painting in Thessaloniki.
艺术史学家长期以来一直怀疑，“潘塞利诺斯”可能是塞萨洛尼基马其顿画派某位成员的绰号或化名。
The name means “full moon” in Greek.
这个名字在希腊语中意为“满月”。
Recent research by a Greek monk and a language expert have linked Panselinos with Macedonian School painter Astrapas.
最近，一位希腊僧侣和一位语言专家的研究将潘塞利诺斯与马其顿画派的画家阿斯特拉帕斯联系了起来。
Now handwriting expert Christina Sotirakoglou has found new evidence.
现在，笔迹专家克里斯蒂娜·索蒂拉科格鲁发现了新的证据。
She matched lettering on a document thought to be by Astrapas with writing on a church painting at Mount Athos in northern Greece.
她将一份被认为是阿斯特拉帕斯所作文件上的字迹，与希腊北部阿索斯山一座教堂壁画上的文字进行了比对。
The Protaton church painting has been considered Panselinos’ best work.
普罗塔顿教堂的壁画被认为是潘塞利诺斯的最佳作品。
Father Cosmas Simonopetritis is a former administrator at Mount Athos; the religious community is where the Protaton church stands.
科斯马斯·西蒙诺佩特里蒂斯神父曾是阿索斯山的一名管理者；该宗教社区正是普罗塔顿教堂所在地。
He said Sotirakoglou’s and his own research “clearly prove” Panselinos’ real identity.
他说，索蒂拉科格鲁和他自己的研究“明确证明”了潘塞利诺斯的真实身份。
“Panselinos was a real person, and (the name) was just the nickname by which Ioannis Astrapas became known,” Simonopetritis told the Associated Press (AP).
西蒙诺佩特里蒂斯告诉美联社：“潘塞利诺斯是一个真实存在的人，（这个名字）只是约阿尼斯·阿斯特拉帕斯为人所知的绰号。”
Constantinos Vafiadis is a professor of Byzantine art who was not involved in the research.
康斯坦丁诺斯·瓦菲亚迪斯是一位拜占庭艺术教授，他没有参与这项研究。
Vafiadis said he found strong points in the nickname theory and naming Astrapas as the true artist.
瓦菲亚迪斯表示，他认为这个昵称理论有其可取之处，并认为阿斯特拉帕斯才是真正的艺术家。
However, he added that it appeared more than one painter had created the art at the Protaton church.
然而，他补充说，普罗塔顿教堂的这幅艺术作品似乎是由不止一位画家创作的。
“I agree with attributing part of the paintings to Ioannis Astrapas,” Vafiadis said.
“我同意将部分画作归于约阿尼斯·阿斯特拉帕斯名下，”瓦菲亚迪斯说。
“But again there remains much ground for future research into that person, because other Mount Athos monuments from the same period have not yet been sufficiently published.”
但同样，关于此人仍有很大的未来研究空间，因为同一时期的其他阿索斯山遗迹尚未得到充分发表。
“Panselinos” and his fellow artists at the time are linked with a rebirth in Eastern Orthodox art.
“潘塞利诺斯”和他同时代的艺术家们与东正教艺术的复兴息息相关。
Their work brought back forms and skills inherited from ancient times.
他们的工作恢复了从古代传承下来的形式和技能。
Facial expressions got a deeper humanity, and greater attention was paid to proportion and depth of field in composition.
面部表情更具人性深度，构图上也更注重比例和景深。
Simonopetritis said Astrapas was an “extremely gifted painter” with deep knowledge.
西蒙诺佩特里蒂斯说，阿斯特拉帕斯是一位“极具天赋的画家”，学识渊博。
He added that Astrapas mixed “the ancient, classical world with Orthodox Byzantine spirituality.”
他补充说，阿斯特拉帕斯将“古老的古典世界与东正教拜占庭精神融合在一起”。
How they did it
他们是怎么做到的
The trail started with linking Astrapas to the person who wrote a book called the Marcian Codex GR 516 from the early 1300s.
这条线索始于将阿斯特拉帕斯与撰写了一本名为《马西安抄本GR 516》的书籍的人联系起来，该书可追溯至14世纪初。
The book contains artwork and is handwritten in Greek.
这本书包含插图，并且是用希腊语手写的。
Among the painted pictures, or illustrations, is a full moon.
在这些彩绘图画或插图中，有一轮满月。
“For me ... that was the main proof,” Simonopetritis said.
“对我来说……那就是主要的证据，”西蒙诺佩特里蒂斯说。
With a name found for the person who produced the manuscript, the next step was to compare it to the writing on the painting in the Protaton church that has been traditionally linked with “Panselinos.”
在确定了手稿制作者的名字后，下一步便是将其与普洛塔顿教堂那幅传统上被认为出自“潘塞利诺斯”之手的画作上的字迹进行比较。
“Mrs. Sotirakoglou, who is a handwriting expert, filled in that blank,” Simonopetritis said.
“索蒂拉科格鲁女士是一位笔迹专家，她填补了那个空白，”西蒙诺佩特里蒂斯说。
But women have for more than 1,000 years been banned from entering the Mount Athos religious community.
但一千多年来，女性一直被禁止进入阿索斯山宗教社区。
“I was forced to study the Protato paintings based on photographs,” Sotirakoglou told the AP.
索蒂拉科格鲁对美联社说：“我被迫根据照片来研究普罗塔托的画作。”
Sotirakoglou works as a court expert who examines handwriting in criminal cases.
索蒂拉科格鲁是一名法庭专家，负责在刑事案件中鉴定笔迹。
The first clue came from the Greek letter “Phi,” the English “F,” in the Marcian codex manuscript.
第一条线索来自马尔奇安抄本手稿中的希腊字母“Phi”，即英语中的“F”。
“It’s a Phi that stands out, and is similar” in both the manuscript and the Protato painting, she said.
她说，手稿和普罗塔托画作中的“Phi”既独特又相似。
“Matches also followed with other letters, T, with its proportions, which is bigger, covering the other letters and is topped with a curve, the proportions of the K.”
随后还出现了与其他字母的匹配，比如T，其比例更大，覆盖其他字母，顶部带有一条曲线，以及K的比例。
“But when the Phi was revealed, the code of the writing was broken and the job became much easier,” she added.
“但当Phi被揭示出来后，文字的编码规则就被破解了，工作也变得容易多了，”她补充道。
Father Cosmas said that during his duties on Mount Athos he attended services at the Protaton church every day.
科斯马斯神父说，他在阿索斯山履职期间每天都参加普罗塔顿教堂的礼拜。
“That’s where my desire was born...to explore the mystery around the name and the identity of Panselinos,” he said, adding that he thinks the artist has now gotten “his true identity.”
“我的渴望就是在那时产生的……去探索潘塞利诺斯这个名字和身份背后的谜团，”他说，并补充道，他认为这位艺术家现在终于有了“他真正的身份”。
I’m John Russell.
我是约翰·拉塞尔。
Costas Kantouris and Nicholas Paphitis reported this story for the Associated Press.
科斯塔斯·坎图里斯和尼古拉斯·帕菲蒂斯为美联社报道了这一事件。
John Russell adapted it for VOA Learning English.
约翰·拉塞尔为VOA英语学习频道改编了它。
